Overnight US stocks | The S&P 500 index rose above 6500 points. NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA.US) fell by 0.79%.

On Thursday, the three major indices closed higher, with the S&P 500 Index rising above 6500 points, setting a new closing record. [US Stocks] At the close, the Dow rose 71.67 points, or 0.16%, to 45636.9 points; the Nasdaq rose 115.02 points, or 0.53%, to 21705.16 points; the S&P 500 Index rose 20.46 points, or 0.32%, to 6501.86 points. NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA.US) fell 0.79%, Alphabet Inc. Class C (GOOG.US) rose 2%. The Nasdaq Golden Dragon Index rose by 0.14%, XPeng, Inc. ADR Sponsored Class A (XPEV.US) fell by over 3%, Alibaba Group Holding Limited Sponsored ADR (BABA.US) fell by 2%, and Trip.com Group Ltd. Sponsored ADR (TCOM.US) rose 14.9% after their earnings. [European Stocks] The Germany DAX30 Index fell by 14.66 points, or 0.06%, to 24038.85 points; the UK FTSE 100 Index fell by 40.85 points, or 0.44%, to 9214.65 points; the France CAC40 Index rose by 18.67 points, or 0.24%, to 7762.60 points; the EuroStoxx50 Index rose by 3.98 points, or 0.07%, to 5397.05 points; the Spain IBEX35 Index rose by 48.14 points, or 0.32%, to 15073.34 points; and the Italy FTSE MIB Index rose by 93.59 points, or 0.22%, to 42443.00 points. [Asia-Pacific Stock Market] The Nikkei 225 Index rose by 0.73%, the South Korea KOSPI Index rose by 0.29%, and the Indonesia Composite Index rose by 0.2%. [Crude Oil] NYMEX Light crude oil futures for delivery in October rose by 45 cents to close at $64.60 per barrel, up 0.70%; and ICE Brent crude oil futures for October delivery rose by 57 cents to close at $68.62 per barrel, up 0.84%. [Foreign Exchange] The US Dollar Index against six major currencies fell by 0.43% to close at 97.814 in the foreign exchange market. At the close of the New York foreign exchange market, 1 euro exchanged for 1.1689 US dollars, higher than the previous trading day's 1.1632 US dollars; 1 pound exchanged for 1.3516 US dollars, higher than the previous trading day's 1.3497 US dollars. 1 US dollar exchanged for 146.82 Japanese yen, lower than the previous trading day's 147.39 Japanese yen; 1 US dollar exchanged for 0.8012 Swiss francs, lower than the previous trading day's 0.8025 Swiss francs; 1 US dollar exchanged for 1.3747 Canadian dollars, lower than the previous trading day's 1.3794 Canadian dollars; 1 US dollar exchanged for 9.4679 Swedish kronor, lower than the previous trading day's 9.5320 Swedish kronor. [Cryptocurrency] Bitcoin rose by 0.9% to $112259.1, while Ethereum remained stable at $4505.87. [Metals] Spot gold rose by 0.57% to $3416.55 per ounce, dropping to $3384.67 at 10:36 Beijing time to hit a daily low, and then continued to fluctuate upwards. COMEX gold futures rose by 0.83% to $3477.20 per ounce, with a trading range for the day at $3442.50-3478.70. The Philadelphia Gold and Silver Index fell by 0.45% to 242.22 points, marking the second consecutive trading day of a retreat from the all-time high close. LME copper futures rose by $62 to $9818 per ton. LME aluminum futures rose by $2 to $2605 per ton. LME zinc futures rose by $20 to $2781 per ton. LME lead futures fell by $1 to $1984 per ton. LME nickel futures rose by $132 to $15263 per ton. LME tin futures rose by $249 to $34802 per ton. LME cobalt futures remained steady at $33335 per ton. [Macro News] Cook responds to Trump's dismissal reasons, implying mortgage dispute originated from "document error." Lisa Cook, a member of the Federal Reserve board, responded to allegations made by U.S. President Trump regarding a mortgage dispute, suggesting that it may have originated from an unintentional "document error." Cook's lawyer wrote in legal documents requesting a temporary restraining order that a potential situation where Cook unintentionally misstated the use of a property in a mortgage application before becoming a board member does not amount to a "failure" sufficient to justify her dismissal, as there was no intentional component or substantial impact. The legal team led by Abbe Lowell also pointed out that Trump and Pulte "have not even accused Cook of benefiting from any document error, or that the error was intentional." IMF second-in-command warns that global debt markets are in a fragile state and borrowing levels should not be underestimated. Gita Gopinath, the First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), warned that the level of borrowing in the global economy should not be taken lightly, as bond markets are in a "fragile state." "The level of debt is incredibly high and still rising," Gopinath said on Thursday. "In the past, you might have said, 'So what? The market will bear it.' But that is no longer the case, even in advanced economies." Gopinath, who is second-in-command at the IMF, is set to step down this week and return to Harvard University, where he pointed out signs of debt concerns in the bond markets of France and the United Kingdom, saying "the U.S. long-term bonds are also." To cater to Trump's push for the development of cryptocurrencies, the U.S. puts GDP data on the blockchain. According to officials from the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. government has begun publishing its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data on public blockchains, opening up another avenue for releasing economic data. The U.S. Department of Commerce has placed the "official hash value" of its GDP data for the fourth quarter of 2025 on nine blockchains, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana. By using blockchain to host some of its most critical and market-sensitive economic data, the U.S. government is showing its support for this technology, as the Trump administration plans to expand the coverage of this initiative in the future. The European Commission proposes legislation to abolish tariffs on some U.S. goods. On August 28th, the European Commission presented two legislative proposals, taking a crucial step towards implementing the joint statement on tariffs between the European Union and the United States. These measures aim to ensure tariff reductions on U.S. automobiles implemented from August 1st and further promote the stability and predictability of transatlantic trade and investment relations. According to the proposals, the European Union will abolish tariffs on some U.S. industrial products, grant preferential market access for certain seafood and non-sensitive Shenzhen Agricultural Power Group products, and extend duty-free treatment for lobsters. At the same time, the U.S. has pledged to reduce tariffs on European Union automobiles and parts from 27.5% to 15%, and implement zero or near-zero tariffs on certain products such as cork, aircraft and parts, generic drugs, and chemical precursors from September 1st. These two proposals are necessary legislative steps to implement the first part of the commitments made in the joint statement between the European Union and the United States. Subsequently, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union must approve these tariff measures through the ordinary legislative procedure before they can take effect. [Individual Stock News] Boeing Company (BA.US) seeks EU approval for $47 billion buyback of Spirit AeroSystems. According to official documents from the European Commission, Boeing Company is seeking EU approval for its proposed buyback of Spirit AeroSystems, the world's largest independent aerostructures manufacturer. Last July, Boeing Company announced its agreement to repurchase this former subsidiary for $47 billion in a stock transaction, with Airbus taking over the supplier's European business, which is primarily loss-making. The EU executive is expected to make a decision on the transaction by September 30th. Earlier this month, the UK competition watchdog assessed the transaction and concluded that no further investigation is needed to determine whether the deal would harm competition, and has issued approval for the acquisition. Trump threatens to impose significant tariffs on countries imposing digital taxes, Zuckerberg lobbies at the White House. Trump has threatened to impose significant tariffs on countries imposing digital taxes. Just days ago, Meta Platforms' CEO Zuckerberg expressed concerns about this tax during a meeting at the White House. Sources revealed that Zuckerberg met privately with Trump last week to discuss digital service tax issues. Meta confirmed the meeting between the two in a statement: "Mark Zuckerberg visited the White House last week to discuss Meta's investment in U.S. infrastructure and to promote U.S. leadership in technology overseas." The White House did not respond.